Conversion of cropland into agroforestry land versus naturally-restored grassland alters soil macro-faunal diversity and trophic structure in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China

Restoration of cropland(termed 'Farm') after abandonment including shrubs(termed 'Shrub'),trees(termed 'Tree') and natural grassland(termed 'Grass') has become a routine process aimed to improve land productivity and control desertification. During this restoration process, soil macro-faunal diversity, and trophic structure were investigated at four types of sites(Farm, Shrub, Tree, and Grass)during growing season in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China. Results indicated that the Staphylinidae family was found to dominate at the Grass, Shrub, and Tree sites, whiles larval Pyralidae individuals were found at the Grass site only. The density of the omnivores(i.e., Formicidae family) was significantly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Tree and Farm sites. The total density and richness of predator and phytophages were found to be markedly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Farm site. Meanwhile, we found the taxon richness of predators was significantly(P<0.05) higher at the Shrub site than at the Farm and Tree sites. Compared with the Farm and afforested Shrub/Tree sites,the Grass site had greater density, taxon richness, and Shannon index(P<0.05). In conclusion, natural restoration of abandoned croplands toward grassland was an effective strategy relative to artificial afforestation for improvement of soil biological diversity. Moreover, planting shrub is a preferable measure in abandoned croplands for land development in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China.     

Genetic diversity and structure of Northern Sheatfish (Silurus soldatovi) assessed by newly developed and cross‐species microsatellites

Twenty‐five polymorphic microsatellite markers, including 13 newly isolated markers and 12 existing cross‐species markers, were used to assess the genetic variation of 141 individuals from three cultured stocks of northern sheatfish, Silurus soldatovi, in China. Samples were collected from Heilongjiang (H), Tongerpu (T) and Liaoning (L). Allelic richness, expected and observed heterozygosity among 25 loci were calculated, and the mean A_e, H_o and H_e were estimated in three stocks. In low polymorphic locus HLJcf19 and HLJcf38, most individuals in all three stocks were homozygous and had only one same allele, while only few heterozygous individuals had the other allele in one certain stock. And all the three stocks showed excess of heterozygotes, because of significant negative F_IS values. Genetic distance, UPGMA dendrogram, as well as structure analysis, all indicated that Stock H and L were closer among three stocks. The results revealed that though all stocks had no reduction in recent time, their effective population size were significantly lower to the ideal value.     

Diversity,plant growth-promoting traits,and biocontrol potential of fungal endophytes of Sorghum bicolor

The diversity of fungal endophytes in Sorghum bicolor was investigated in samples collected from 10 different geographical regions of Karnataka state, India. A total of 360 endophytes were isolated from leaf, stem, and root tissues and were assigned to 26 fungal species based on morphology and molecular characterization using ITS sequences. All the endophytes belonged to the phylum Ascomycota. The diversity (Shannon H, 2.57; Simpson_1-D, 0.92) and species richness (Margalef's, 4.68; Menhinick, 3.61) were found to be higher for the endophytes isolated from leaf tissues. The species evenness of the endophytic assemblage was strongly influenced by tissue type, followed by geographical location. The biocontrol potential of isolated endophytes was evaluated against economically destructive sorghum grain mould pathogens such as Fusarium thapsinum, Epicoccum sorghinum, Alternaria alternata, and Curvularia lunata using the dual culture method. Biocontrol potential was exhibited by 26 endophytic isolates, of which Trichoderma asperellum recorded broad-spectrum activity against target pathogens, followed by E. nigrum and A. longipes. Most (82%) endophytes showed plant growth-promoting traits. Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was observed in 84% of isolates, and phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and cellulase activity was observed in 69%, 23%, and 27% of isolates, respectively. Seeds treated with T. asperellum exhibited a significantly higher seed vigour index (2096), germination percentage (94%), and yield under greenhouse and field conditions. The results were substantiated by the confocal microscopy analysis, which clearly demonstrated the colonization of treated endophyte in root tissues. The present study reveals an ecofriendly approach to explore T. asperellum in sorghum disease management.     

免耕对土壤微生物量碳影响的Meta分析

为综合分析免耕(NT)对土壤微生物碳含量的影响程度,以常规耕作(CT)为对照,收集国内外关于免耕对土壤微生物碳研究已公开发表的41篇文献的田间试验数据162组,采用Meta数据整合分析方法,定量分析中国不同区域、气候类型和试验年限下,免耕对于中国农田土壤微生物碳含量的影响。结果表明,与常规耕作相比,免耕能显著提高土壤微生物碳的含量,免耕-常规耕作(NT-CT)的加权均数差值(WMD)为49.29 mg·kg^-1;免耕对土壤中微生物碳含量的影响存在区域差异性,西南地区WMD最大,湿润区(年降雨量>800 mm)免耕对土壤微生物碳含量的正效应最显著;年均温度10~15℃和年均温度>15℃时,免耕土壤中微生物碳含量显著高于常规耕作,且随着温度的升高而增加;免耕年限能够显著影响土壤微生物碳含量,以长期免耕(免耕年限≥8 a)效果最佳。综上,免耕对土壤微生物碳的增加效应存在区域特征,以西南地区最高,随着区域水热条件、免耕年限的不同有所差异,免耕措施的采用应该根据区域特点因地制宜。本研究结果为免耕的区域性合理利用提供了参考依据。     

牛至油和肉桂醛添加组合对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量与养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究牛至油(Oo)与肉桂醛(CA)的不同添加组合对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量与养分消化率的影响。选取年龄、体重、胎次、产奶量、乳成分相近及泌乳期为(90±15)d的荷斯坦奶牛40头,随机分为10个组,每组4头。对照组(C)饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂不同添加水平的Oo和CA,Oo 3个梯度分别为11.5(L)、13(M)、14.5(H)g/(d·头);CA 3个梯度分别为15(L)、18(M)、21(H)g/(d·头),共组成9个不同的添加量组合,分别为LL、ML、HL、LM、MM、HM、LH、MH、HH(第1个字母为Oo添加水平,第2个字母为CA添加水平)。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:试验组奶牛的瘤胃微生物蛋白(MCP)产量均有提高趋势,其中LH组效果最好,瘤胃MCP产量比C组提高了12.82%(P<0.05);试验组奶牛在养分表观消化率方面有提高趋势,其中以LH组最优,干物质与粗蛋白质的消化率高于C组(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维与酸性洗涤纤维的消化率高于C组(P<0.01)。本试验条件下,综合考虑瘤胃MCP产量以及各主要养分的表观消化率,以添加Oo 11.5 g/(d·头)、CA 21 g/(d·头)为最佳。     

不同水平的青贮饲料对饲喂稻草秸秆奶牛瘤胃微生物数量和微生物蛋白合成的影响

本试验的目的是确定饲粮中青贮银合欢添加水平对奶牛瘤胃微生物种群、氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成的影响。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择12头初始体重为163±16 kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的奶牛,随机分为4个组,每组3个重复,每个重复1头牛。基础日粮以100%的水稻秸秆为原料,处理组分别用30%、60%和100%的青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆,奶牛自由采食水稻秸秆和青贮银合欢,每天按照体重的0.2%补充浓缩料。结果表明,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆组奶牛瘤胃微生物群,尤其是纤维素分解菌、蛋白分解菌和厌氧真菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05),各组对淀粉分解菌群无显著影响(P>0.05)。原生动物种群数量随日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的增加呈线性下降(P<0.05)(P<0.05)。此外,氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成均随着日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的升高而升高(P<0.05),其中以60%青贮银合欢组最高。结论:在本试验基础上,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆可以显著提高奶牛体内的微生物数量和微生物蛋白的合成。     

发酵全混合日粮对肉羊消化吸收功能和生长性能的影响研究

旨在探讨添加混合微生物菌剂的发酵全混合日粮(Fermented total mixed ration，FTMR)对肉羊营养物质消化吸收功能和生长性能的影响。通过发酵和肉羊饲喂试验，测定了FTMR的品质变化、营养物质表观消化率、肉羊瘤胃发酵情况及日增重。结果表明:1)全混合日粮发酵后pH和中性洗涤纤维含量显著降低，乳酸和乙酸含量显著增加(P<0.05)；2)试验组肉羊瘤胃液pH显著降低，氨态氮含量降低50%以上(P<0.05)；粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)的利用率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，尤其是ADL利用率提高了29.92%(P<0.05)。3)试验组平均日增重较对照组提高50%。综上，混合微生物菌剂加入全混合日粮发酵后，适口性增强，可改善肉羊瘤胃液环境，提高肉羊的消化吸收功能和生长性能，有利于提高秸秆饲料化利用效率。     

基于表型性状与简单重复序列标记的浙江省芋种质资源遗传多样性比较

为探讨浙江省地方芋种质资源的遗传多样性,并挖掘特异芋种质,对25份浙江省地方芋种质资源进行调查鉴定,对15个表型性状进行了遗传多样性分析、主成分分析、表型性状与简单重复序列(SSR)标记相结合的聚类分析。结果表明,浙江省芋种质遗传多样性丰富,变异系数与多样性指数均值分别为31.32%与0.97。主成分分析显示,前5个主成分累积特征值为10.871,累计贡献率为77.649%,主成分1反映了多子芋株型综合因子,主成分2反映了芋叶形状综合因子,主成分3反映了母芋形状综合因子,主成分4、5分别代表母芋表皮棕毛、母芋颜色因子;另外,孙芋形状、母芋芽色、叶心色斑颜色、叶柄中下部颜色、母芋表皮棕毛可作为芋种质鉴别优先观测的形态性状指标。基于表型性状的聚类在遗传距离4.171处可将所有种质分为5个类别,其中第Ⅲ类与第Ⅴ类的子孙芋形状均为卵圆,商品性好。此外,在20份多子芋中还挖掘出2份紫红柄特异芋种质。20对SSR引物在所有资源中扩增共获得53个条带,具有多态性的条带为48条,多态性比率为90.6%,多态信息含量(PIC值)为0.22~0.64;SSR分子标记聚类在DICE遗传相似系数0.721处将所有种质分为5个类别,与表型性状聚类结果有类似之处,但又有所不同。2种不同的聚类方式在芋种质资源的鉴别中具有互补作用,均表明了亲缘关系的远近与地理来源并无直接关系。上述结果将为芋种质资源进一步保护、利用与创新提供重要的理论基础。     

微生物发酵在菜籽饼粕饲用品质改良中的应用研究进展

随着畜牧业的快速发展、优质饲料原料的严重不足以及国际进口贸易形势的日益紧张,开发非常规饲料资源的需求愈发迫切。菜籽饼粕是我国第一大油料作物油菜的加工副产物,饲用价值不高严重制约了在饲料工业中的应用。微生物发酵技术具有改良菜籽饼粕品质和提高畜禽生产性能的优势。本文综述了微生物发酵改良菜籽饼粕饲用价值的机理、影响因素以及微生物发酵菜籽饼粕饲料在畜禽生产中的应用,讨论了目前微生物发酵菜籽饼粕生产中存在的问题,展望了未来微生物发酵菜籽饼粕饲料的发展方向。     

山西省农田啮齿动物多样性研究

为了掌握山西省不同地区农田啮齿动物的多样性,探索其与环境因子的关系,本文采用笼捕法和夹捕法相结合的方法,对山西省11个市的17个县(市、区)的啮齿动物进行了研究。结果表明,临汾市隰县农田的啮齿动物捕获率(C)最高,达到14.77%,该地的啮齿动物多样性指数(H′)也最高,为1.811 1;朔州市朔城区的多样性指数最低,为0.600 1。每个变量的相关性分析结果表明,研究区纬度与农田啮齿动物的捕获率、物种丰富度指数(R)、多样性指数和均匀度指数(J′)均呈极显著负相关关系,而与优势度指数(D)呈极显著正相关,说明纬度可能是影响啮齿动物多样性的一个重要因子。